用Sqlalchemy替换Django的ORM |不合理的繁荣</ title><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.klytx.com/ananke/dist/main.css_5c99d70a7725bacd4c701e995b969fea.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.klytx.com/static/pygments.css"> </head> <body class="ma0 avenir bg-white production"> <header> <div class="bg-white"> <nav class="pv3 ph3 ph4-ns" role="navigation"> <div class="flex-l justify-between items-center center"> <a href="//www.klytx.com/" class="f3 fw2 no-underline black-90 dib">不合理的繁荣</a> <div class="flex-l items-center"> <ul class="pl0 mr3"> <li class="list f5 f4-ns fw4 dib pr3"><a class="no-underline black-90" href="//www.klytx.com/featured/" title="Popular">Popular</a></li> <li class="list f5 f4-ns fw4 dib pr3"><a class="no-underline black-90" href="//www.klytx.com/tags/" title="标签">标签</a></li> <li class="list f5 f4-ns fw4 dib pr3"><a class="no-underline black-90" href="//www.klytx.com/newsletter/" title="金沙手机APP">金沙手机APP</a></li> <li class="list f5 f4-ns fw4 dib pr3"><a class="no-underline black-90" href="//www.klytx.com/feeds.xml" title="rss.">rss.</a></li> <li class="list f5 f4-ns fw4 dib pr3"><a class="no-underline black-90" href="//www.klytx.com/about" title="关于">关于</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main class="pb7" role="main"> <article class="flex-l flex-wrap justify-between mw8 center ph3"> <header class="mt4 w-100"> <h1 class="f1 athelas mt3 mb1">Replacing Django's ORM with SQLAlchemy</h1> <time class="f6 mv4 dib tracked" datetime="2008-07-23T07:21:12-07:00">July 23, 2008.</time> <a href="//www.klytx.com/tags/django" class="link f5 mid-gray no-underline sans-serif">django (72)</a> </header> <div class="nested-copy-line-height lh-copy serif f5 nested-links nested-img mid-gray pr4-l w-two-thirds-l"> <p>In the first example of Django's loose coupling<a href="//www.klytx.com/entry/2008/jul/22/replacing-django-s-template-language-with-jinja2/">我们看着用Jinja2取代模板系统</a>。在本文中，我们将仔细查看替换标准的Django Orm<a href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">Sqlalchemy.</a>。这是一个非常大的飞跃，并且在我们跳过太深时，我们会看看如何切换到Sqlalchemy将影响我们的应用程序。</ p><p>在本系列的介绍中，我表示，Django的实施遵循松散的耦合理念，但我们可能需要在那种陈述中添加几粒盐，因为我们考虑从Django的ORM转换为Sqlalchemy造成的变化。首先，我们将不再能够使用Django<code>模特.py.</code>files to describe our models. Instead, we'll be using SQLAlchemy's ORM for defining tables and fields (which will look pretty similar).</ p><p>在此之后，我们将无法使用简单<code>python manage.py syncdb.</code>to create the tables for our project. We won't be able to use<code>python manage.py loadata.</code>或者<code>python manage.py dumpdata</code>创建用作Django测试框架的初始数据或脚手架的夹具。如果我们只是使用SQLALCHEMY严格，我们甚至无法使用Django Admin，Sessions中间件或身份验证中间件等贡献资源。</ p><p>这里带走的消息是，虽然Django松散耦合，但它是<strong>松散耦合并不意味着去耦没有后果。</strong>改变一些系统，如模板渲染，后果很少，但其他人 - 就像Django Orm一样 - 是远离插头和播放的。这是不可避免的，因为完美的去耦额额外的Onus对各个开发人员来说，并将使其更慢地（更复杂），以使Django项目启动和运行。当你第一次使用django开始时，很难衡量子系统对解耦的那么昂贵，这就是为什么它高度推荐使用默认的django堆栈开始，然后在获得更多体验时偏离负责任的原因。</ p><p>（<strong>全面披露：</strong>it is possible to use the Django ORM and SQLAlchemy together. This means you could still take advantage of the Django sessions middleware (and most other stuff), while using SQLAlchemy for some parts of your app. This tutorial won't build that Frankenstein, since it's only interested in exploring the loose coupling aspect, but it wouldn't be prohibitively difficult to do so. Although, it would be awkward in some regards.)</ p><p>现在让我们开始将银变成金色<sup id="fnr1-403467515"><a href="#fn1-403467515">1</a></sup>。</ p><h3>使用sqlalchemy与django</h3> <ol> <li><p>首先，我们需要下载Sqlalchemy。最简单的方法是使用<code>Easy_install.</code>。</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre>Easy_install.Sqlalchemy.</pre> </div><p>但你也可以<a href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/download.html">grab a copy of the 0.5 release at their download page.</a>。本教程正在使用0.5beta2，但只要您不抓取0.4释放，应正常工作。</ p><p>如果您选择手动下载文件，则需要安装它们：</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre>tar zxvf SQLAlchemy-0.5.0beta2.tar.gz<span class="nb">光盘</span>sqlalchemy-0.5.0beta2 python setup.py安装</pre> </div></li> <li><p>If you are using a Python before 2.5 you'll need to install<a href="http://pysqlite.org/">pysqlite.</a>和<a href="http://sqlite.org/">sqlite.</a>也是。</ p></li> <li><p>现在让我们确保安装正常工作。</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="gp">>>></span><span class="kn">进口</span><span class="nn">Sqlalchemy.</span><span class="gp">>>></span><span class="n">Sqlalchemy.</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">__版本__</span><span class="go">'0.5.0beta2'</span></pre> </div><p>If SQLAlchemy doesn't import correctly, or if the version isn't some derivative of 0.5, then you'll need to revisit steps one and two.</ p></li> <li><p>创建Django项目和应用程序。</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre>django_admin.py startproject loose_coupling<span class="nb">光盘</span>lock_cuoupling python manage.py startapp with_sqlalchemy</pre> </div></li> <li><p>创建几个模板目录。</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre>mkdir模板<span class="nb">光盘</span>with_sqlalchemy mkdir模板模板/ with_sqlalchemy</pre> </div></li> <li><p>接下来，我们需要在我们的情况下提出一些简单的变化<code>settings.py</code>文件。我们将变化<code>INSTALLED_APPS</code>那<code>template_dirs.</code>那和<code>middleware_classes.</code>。</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="n">middleware_classes.</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'django.middleware.common.commonmiddleware'</span><span class="p">那）</span><span class="n">INSTALLED_APPS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'loose_coupling.with_sqlalchemy'</span><span class="p">那）</span><span class="kn">进口</span><span class="nn">OS.</span><span class="n">ROOT_PATH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">OS.</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">小路</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">__文件__</span><span class="p">）</span><span class="n">template_dirs.</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">OS.</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">小路</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">ROOT_PATH</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="s">'模板'</span><span class="p">）那）</span></pre> </div><p>由于我们不使用Django Orm，因此我们不会使用任何数据库依赖的中间件或应用程序。</ p></li> <li><p>现在我们将编辑<code>loosely_coupled / urls.py.</code>文件。</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="kn">from</span><span class="nn">django.conf.urls.defaults.</span><span class="kn">进口</span><span class="o">*</span><p><span class="n">urlpatterns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">图案</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'loost_coupling'</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">r'^$'</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="s">'with_sqlalchemy.views.index'</span><span class="p">）那</span><span class="p">）</span></p></pre> </div><p></p><p>Normally we'd use include a<code>Urls.py.</code>来自档案的文件<code>with_sqlalchemy.</code>app into the project's<code>Urls.py.</code>文件，但我们试图保持简单的事情。</ p></li> <li><p>现在我们将使用SQLALCHEMY ORM来创建一个简单的表来播放。因为文件已经存在，我们将把表定义扔进<code>模特.py.</code>那so go ahead and open up<code>with_sqlalchemy / models.py.py.</code>。</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="kn">from</span><span class="nn">Sqlalchemy.</span><span class="kn">进口</span><span class="n">Table</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="n">柱子</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="n">细绳</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="n">MetaData</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="n">ForeignKey</span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="nn">Sqlalchemy.。ext.declarative</span><span class="kn">进口</span><span class="n">declarative_base</span><p><span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">declarative_base</span><span class="p">（）</span><span class="k">班级</span><span class="nc">语</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">）：</span><span class="n"><strong>Tablename.</strong></span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'语言'</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">柱子</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="n">primary_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">）</span><span class="n">名称</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">柱子</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">细绳</span><span class="p">）</span><span class="n">extension</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">柱子</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">细绳</span><span class="p">）</span></p><pre><code><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">extension</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extension</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extension</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__repr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">u"Language(</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">, </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">)"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extension</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre><p></p></pre> </div><p></p><p>我们可以看到Sqlalchemy可以定义与我们为Django定义的模型非常相似。我们不会在这里浏览它，但是通过定义数据库表然后，Sqlalchemy也可以更低级别。<a href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/03/tutorial.html">mapping them onto a Python class</a>。你甚至可以完全使用ORM跳过并利用他们的<a href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/05/sqlexpression.html">构造SQL的界面</a>。</ p></li> <li><p>现在我们会写我们的<code>观点</code>文件。第一的，we have some imports to begin our file with.</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="kn">from</span><span class="nn">django.shortcuts</span><span class="kn">进口</span><span class="n">render_to_response.</span><span class="kn">进口</span><span class="nn">Sqlalchemy.</span><span class="o">那</span><span class="nn">Sqlalchemy.。或者m</span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="nn">楷模</span><span class="kn">进口</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="n">语</span></pre> </div><p>然后我们需要设置sqlalchemy以使我们的<code>语</code>班级available.</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="n">引擎</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Sqlalchemy.</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">create_engine.</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'sqlite：///loose.sqlite'</span><span class="p">）</span><span class="n">会议</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Sqlalchemy.</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">或者m</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">会议制造者</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">捆绑</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">引擎</span><span class="p">）</span><span class="n">会议</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">会议</span><span class="p">（）</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">元数据</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">create_all.</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">引擎</span><span class="p">）</span></pre> </div><p>这<code>sqlite:///loose.sqlite</code>指令在相对路径上创建一个SQLite数据库<code>松散</code>那i.e. within the<code>with_sqlalchemy.</code>目录。Sqlalchemy使它同样容易指定绝对路径，或在内存中创建数据库。如果我们想让这个更加愚蠢，我们可以指定<code>数据库名称</code>setting in<code>settings.py</code>，然后加载这样的值：</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="kn">from</span><span class="nn">django.conf.</span><span class="kn">进口</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="n">引擎</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Sqlalchemy.</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">create_engine.</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">database_engine.</span><span class="p">）</span></pre> </div><p>Also, the<code>Base.metadata.create_all(engine)</code>only really needs to be done once when SQLAlchemy first creates the table (although doing it multiple times doesn't hurt anything), but that would involve creating a counter-part to the<code>python manage.py syncdb.</code>脚本中的功能，并使示例更复杂，因此我们现在正在跳过这一点。</ p><p>接下来，我们将创建两个真正简单的实用程序功能，我们将用于填充我们的数据：</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="k">def</span><span class="nf">is_empty</span><span class="p">（）：</span><span class="k">return</span><span class="nb">Len.</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">会议</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">询问</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">语</span><span class="p">）</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">（））</span><span class="o"><=</span><span class="mf">0.</span><p><span class="k">def</span><span class="nf">populate</span><span class="p">（）：</span><span class="n">纽约</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">语</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'Python'</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="s">'py'</span><span class="p">）那</span><span class="n">语</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'红宝石'</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="s">'rb'</span><span class="p">）那</span><span class="n">语</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'常见的lisp'</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="s">'lisp'</span><span class="p">）那</span><span class="n">语</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'Objective-C'</span><span class="p">那</span><span class="s">'M'</span><span class="p">）]</span><span class="n">会议</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">都加进去</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">纽约</span><span class="p">）</span><span class="n">会议</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">犯罪</span><span class="p">（）</span></p></pre> </div><p></p><p>这些简单的功能是用于流行ulate our database with some data. It also provides a minimal example of the SQLAlchemy querying and object creation syntaxes, which are very similar to those in the Django ORM.</ p><p>最后，我们需要写下<code>index</code>功能。</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="k">def</span><span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">要求</span><span class="p">）：</span><span class="k">if</span><span class="n">is_empty</span><span class="p">（）：</span><span class="n">populate</span><span class="p">（）</span><span class="n">郎</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">会议</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">询问</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">语</span><span class="p">）</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">（）</span><span class="k">return</span><span class="n">render_to_response.</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'with_sqlalchemy / index.html'</span><span class="p">，{</span><span class="s">'langs'</span><span class="p">：</span><span class="n">郎</span><span class="p">})</span></pre> </div><p>In a better designed application we wouldn't need to make sure we'd created the test data each time we call the<code>index</code>查看，然后视图看起来像这样：</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="k">def</span><span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">要求</span><span class="p">）：</span><span class="n">郎</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">会议</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">询问</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="n">语</span><span class="p">）</span><span class="o">。</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">（）</span><span class="k">return</span><span class="n">render_to_response.</span><span class="p">（</span><span class="s">'with_sqlalchemy / index.html'</span><span class="p">，{</span><span class="s">'langs'</span><span class="p">：</span><span class="n">郎</span><span class="p">})</span></pre> </div><p>这看起来几乎与之与Django ORM写作（仅对检索数据的略微语法差异）相同。</ p></li> <li><p>现在我们需要创造<code>with_sqlalchemy./index.html</code>template that we are rendering. First we'll create a base template, located in<code>loose_coupling/templates</code>那和名称d<code>base.html.</code>。It will look like this:</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="nt"><html></span><span class="nt"><head></span><span class="nt"><title></span>Loosely Coupled Django<span class="nt"></ title></span><span class="nt"></ head></span><span class="nt"><body></span><span class="cp">{%</span><span class="k">block</span><span class="nv">内容</span><span class="cp">%}</span><span class="cp">{%</span><span class="k">endblock</span><span class="cp">%}</span><span class="nt"></ body></span><span class="nt"></ html></span></pre> </div><p>And next we'll create the<code>index.html.</code>template. Open up<code>with_sqlalchemy / templates / with_sqlalchemy / index.html</code>，并填写：</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre><span class="cp">{%</span><span class="k">延伸</span><span class="s1">'base.html'</span><span class="cp">%}</span><span class="cp">{%</span><span class="k">block</span><span class="nv">内容</span><span class="cp">%}</span><span class="cp">{%</span><span class="k">为了</span><span class="nv">郎</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="nv">郎</span><span class="cp">%}</span><span class="nt"><p></span><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="nv">郎</span><span class="cp">}}</span><span class="nt"></ p></span><span class="cp">{%</span><span class="k">终止</span><span class="cp">%}</span><span class="cp">{%</span><span class="k">endblock</span><span class="cp">%}</span></pre> </div><p>关于这些模板的最重要的是，我们通过SQLALCHEMY ORM生成的实例，但它看起来与模板如何处理Django ORM的方式相同：模板语言是无知的细节Django Orm，并且可以用于从正常的Django模型实例到普通Python Dicts的任何内容。</ p></li> <li><p>现在一切都结束了，只是等着我们测试。</ p><div class="highlight"> <pre>python manage.py runserver</pre> </div><p>这n navigate over the<a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/">http://127.0.0.1：8000/</a>。您将看到四种编程语言及其扩展的简单显示。</ p></li> </ol> <p><a href="//www.klytx.com/static/blog/loose_coupling.zip">您可以在这里抓取项目的副本。</a>它恰好是一个git存储库，但你可以在没有/使用git的情况下使用它。</ p><p>现在，这个例子比与jinja2一起合作的前一个透明有用，但它仍然演示了关于django的两个重要点。第一的，<strong>django是python.</strong>那so you can do anything in Django that you could do outside of Django. Second, Django is loosely coupled, but sometimes it is<strong>loosely coupled with consequences</strong>，并解耦了一些子系统 - 尤其是orm - 不是无痛的。</ p><p>As a final point, I'd like to apologize for the disservice that is done to SQLAlchemy in this entry. SQLAlchemy is an extremely full-featured and versatile system, and the usage here makes it look like a mirror image of the Django ORM. It isn't. Not by a long shot. SQLAlchemy can abstract things similarly to the Django ORM, but makes it much easier to get dirty, and also exposes more advanced functionality like connection pools.</ p><p>好的，最后的最后一点：我认为本教程本身就讲话，但我不建议从Django Orm上解耦而没有一个极其令人信服的原因。它是Django的所有子部分最耦合的，并且肯定不会替换。</ p><p>对于那些令人失望的人来说，通过没有看着Django不公平地看着Django Orm和Sqlalchemy Orm一起，有心脏，这个系列中的下一个例子将看一下这些线的东西（但其中包括一个稍微逼真的情况）。</ p><div class="footnote"> <hr> <ol> <li id="fn1-403467515"><p>I felt like I was obligated to make at least one lame alchemy related joke and/or pun. Consider the itch scratched.<a href="#fnr1-403467515" class="footnoteBackLink" title="↩">↩</a></p></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mt6 instapaper_ignoref"></div> </div> <aside class="w-30-l mt1-l"> <div class="bg-light-gray pa3"> <p class="f5 mb3">嗨伙计。我是<a href="//www.klytx.com/about">将要</a>aka<a href="https://twitter.com/lethain">@lethain.</a>。<br>如果你想向我联系，那么<a href="//www.klytx.com/ways-i-help/">ways I help</a>。如果您想从我这里收到电子邮件，请订阅<a href="//www.klytx.com/newsletter/">我的每周时事通讯金沙手机APP</a>。</ p><p>我写<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Elegant-Puzzle-Systems-Engineering-Management/dp/1732265186">一个优雅的拼图</a>。</ p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Elegant-Puzzle-Systems-Engineering-Management/dp/1732265186"><img class="w-100" src="//www.klytx.com/static/blog/2019/aep-small-lq.jpg"></a></p> <p>As well as,<a href="https://staffeng.com/book">员工工程师</a>。</ p><p><a href="https://staffeng.com/book"><img class="w-100" src="//www.klytx.com/static/blog/staffeng/StaffEngBookMed.jpg"></a></p> </div> <div class="bg-light-gray pa3 nested-list-reset nested-copy-line-height nested-links"> <p class="f5 b mb3">Popular</ p><ul class="pa0 list"> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/good-engineering-strategy-is-boring/">Write five, then synthesize: good engineering strategy is boring.</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/managing-technical-quality/">Managing technical quality in a codebase.</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/work-on-what-matters/">致力于重要的事情。</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/first-ninety-days-cto-vpe/">Your first 90 days as CTO or VP Engineering.</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/digg-acquihire/">How the Digg team was acquihired.</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="bg-light-gray pa3 nested-list-reset nested-copy-line-height nested-links"> <p class="f5 b mb3">最近的</ p><ul class="pa0 list"> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/mailbag-should-we-call-them-architects/">Mailbag: Should we just call them architects?</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/migrating-blog/">RSS饲料更换！接下来几天迁移博客。</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/mailbag-unhappy-users-internal-platform/">sands金沙直营赌场 </a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/measures-of-engineering-impact/">工程造成措施。</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/exuberant-sketches/">Digital gardening at Exuberant Sketches.</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="bg-light-gray pa3 nested-list-reset nested-copy-line-height nested-links"> <p class="f5 b mb3">有关的</ p><ul class="pa0 list"> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/replacing-django-s-template-language-with-jinja2/">Replacing Django's Template Language With Jinja2</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/an-introduction-to-django-s-loose-coupling/">Django松散耦合介绍</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/polishing-up-our-django-boss-search-service/">Polishing Up Our Django & BOSS Search Service</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/yahoo-s-build-your-own-search-service-in-django/">雅虎在Django建立自己的搜索服务</a></li> <li class="mb2"><a href="//www.klytx.com/json-object-oriented-views-and-starting-a-real-app/">json，面向对象的视图，并启动一个真实的应用程序</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </article> </main> <footer class="bg-grey bottom-0 pa3 tc" role="contentinfo"> <div class="flex justify-between"> <a class="f6 fw4 no-underline black-50 dn dib-ns pv2 ph3" href="//www.klytx.com">© Will Larson 2021</a> <a class="f5 fw4 no-underline black-50 dn dib-ns pv2 ph4" href="//www.klytx.com/tags/">标签</a> <a class="f5 fw4 no-underline black-50 dn dib-ns pv2 ph4" href="//www.klytx.com/newsletter/">金沙手机APP</a> <a class="f5 fw4 no-underline black-50 dn dib-ns pv2 ph4" href="//www.klytx.com/feeds.xml">rss.</a> <a class="f5 fw4 no-underline black-50 dn dib-ns pv2 ph4" href="//www.klytx.com/about/">关于</a> </div> </footer> </body> </html>